{"id":12479,"date":"2024-05-02T14:55:31","date_gmt":"2024-05-02T12:55:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/absl.cz\/?post_type=avada_portfolio&p=12479"},"modified":"2024-06-27T15:12:19","modified_gmt":"2024-06-27T13:12:19","slug":"cesko-si-pripomina-20-let-od-vstupu-do-eu-co-se-zmenilo","status":"publish","type":"avada_portfolio","link":"https:\/\/absl.cz\/cs\/news\/cesko-si-pripomina-20-let-od-vstupu-do-eu-co-se-zmenilo\/","title":{"rendered":"\u010cesko si p\u0159ipom\u00edn\u00e1 20 let od vstupu do EU: Co se zm\u011bnilo?"},"content":{"rendered":"

V posledn\u00edch dvou desetilet\u00edch se zm\u011bnila ekonomika, trh pr\u00e1ce, demografick\u00e9 slo\u017een\u00ed i postaven\u00ed zem\u011b v Evrop\u011b – zde je p\u0159ehled toho, jak.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Od vstupu do EU p\u0159ed 20 lety se \u010cesko jako zem\u011b prom\u011bnilo – v dobr\u00e9m i zl\u00e9m. Jeho HDP, trh pr\u00e1ce, zdrav\u00ed spole\u010dnosti, demografick\u00e9 slo\u017een\u00ed a dal\u0161\u00ed prvky, kter\u00e9 zemi charakterizuj\u00ed, se zm\u011bnily d\u00edky finan\u010dn\u00ed pomoci EU, z\u00e1kon\u016fm, imigraci a dal\u0161\u00edm faktor\u016fm.<\/p>\n

\n

„Vstup do EU byl pro \u010cesko v mnoha ohledech v\u00fdhrou… v\u011bci, kter\u00e9 pro n\u00e1s byly d\u0159\u00edve sp\u00ed\u0161e nedosa\u017eiteln\u00e9, jako je voln\u00e9 cestov\u00e1n\u00ed, pr\u00e1ce a studium v jin\u00fdch zem\u00edch, se pro celou generaci staly samoz\u0159ejmost\u00ed,“<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

\u0159ekl na za\u010d\u00e1tku tohoto t\u00fddne prezident Petr Pavel.<\/p>\n

Podobn\u011b premi\u00e9r Petr Fiala uvedl, \u017ee \u010dlenstv\u00ed v EU p\u0159isp\u011blo k tomu, \u017ee je dnes \u010cesko mnohem bohat\u0161\u00ed zem\u00ed, d\u00e1v\u00e1 mu tak\u00e9 bezpe\u010dnostn\u00ed z\u00e1ruky a pevn\u011b ho ukotvuje na Z\u00e1pad\u011b. ministr vnitra V\u00edt Raku\u0161an 1. kv\u011btna – v den v\u00fdro\u010d\u00ed vstupu \u010ceska do EU – ocenil „mnohem v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed mo\u017enosti“ zem\u011b a \u0159ekl, \u017ee EU pom\u00e1h\u00e1 zem\u00edm „dos\u00e1hnout spole\u010dn\u011b v\u00edce, ne\u017e by dok\u00e1zaly samostatn\u011b“.<\/p>\n

Co se v\u0161ak v \u010cesku od roku 2004 stalo a jak\u00fd p\u0159\u00ednos m\u00e1 \u010dlenstv\u00ed v EU pro zemi?<\/p>\n

Ekonomika<\/h3>\n

\u010cesk\u00e1 ekonomika se od roku 2004 vyv\u00edj\u00ed mnohem r\u016f\u017eov\u011bji. P\u0159ed dv\u011bma desetilet\u00edmi \u010dinil HDP na obyvatele 275 950 K\u010d, dnes je to p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 718 680 K\u010d. Nav\u00edc \u010dist\u00fd pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00fd ro\u010dn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edjem v \u010cesku nyn\u00ed dosahuje dvou t\u0159etin pr\u016fm\u011bru EU, zat\u00edmco v roce 2004 to byla jedna t\u0159etina. P\u0159ed dvaceti lety \u010dinil \u010dist\u00fd pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00fd ro\u010dn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edjem na osobu v zemi v roce 2004 p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 150 000 K\u010d, co\u017e je mnohem m\u00e9n\u011b ne\u017e dne\u0161n\u00edch 347 000 K\u010d na osobu.<\/p>\n

Vstup do EU tak\u00e9 pomohl nastartovat \u010desk\u00fd obchod, proto\u017ee \u010cesko m\u016f\u017ee dov\u00e1\u017eet a vyv\u00e1\u017eet zbo\u017e\u00ed do ostatn\u00edch zem\u00ed EU bez dodate\u010dn\u00fdch poplatk\u016f. Pro p\u0159edstavu, p\u0159ed 20 lety \u010dinil v\u00fdvoz do \u010ceska asi 1,7 miliardy K\u010d a dovoz zhruba stejnou hodnotu. O dv\u011b desetilet\u00ed pozd\u011bji se celkov\u00fd v\u00fdvoz \u010ceska pohybuje kolem hranice 5 bilion\u016f K\u010d a dovoz \u010din\u00ed 5,1 bilionu K\u010d. P\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 80 procent ve\u0161ker\u00e9ho v\u00fdvozu sm\u011b\u0159uje do ostatn\u00edch \u010dlensk\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f EU. bohu\u017eel ve\u0159ejn\u00fd dluh v \u010cesku po vstupu do EU prudce vzrostl, a\u010dkoli m\u011bl ji\u017e d\u0159\u00edve rostouc\u00ed tendenci. V roce 2004 \u010dinil ve\u0159ejn\u00fd dluh \u010ceska 28 procent celkov\u00e9ho HDP – dnes je to 44 procent.<\/p>\n

Pr\u00e1ce<\/h3>\n

Zam\u011bstnanost je dlouhodob\u011b jednou ze siln\u00fdch str\u00e1nek \u010cesk\u00e9 republiky a vstup do EU \u010desk\u00e9 pracovn\u00ed s\u00edle jen pomohl. V roce 2004 byly zam\u011bstn\u00e1ny p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b dv\u011b t\u0159etiny lid\u00ed ve v\u011bku 15 a\u017e 64 let – dnes je to 75,5 %. Pozoruhodn\u00e9 je, \u017ee nezam\u011bstnanost v lednu 2004 dosahovala pom\u011brn\u011b vysok\u00fdch 9,7 procenta. Nyn\u00ed se pohybuje mezi 3 a 4 procenty, co\u017e je jedna z nejni\u017e\u0161\u00edch hodnot v EU.<\/p>\n

Skokov\u011b vzrostly tak\u00e9 platy – na po\u010d\u00e1tku roku 2004 \u010dinila hrub\u00e1 m\u011bs\u00ed\u010dn\u00ed minim\u00e1ln\u00ed mzda 6 700 K\u010d. Dnes \u010din\u00ed 18 900 K\u010d. P\u0159esto mzdy st\u00e1le zaost\u00e1vaj\u00ed za r\u016fstem cen: mezi lety 2008 a 2023 se \u010desk\u00e9 platy posunuly z 59 na 68 procent pr\u016fm\u011bru EU. prudce vzrostla tak\u00e9 hodnota \u010desk\u00e9 pr\u00e1ce – neboli produktivita pr\u00e1ce. V roce 2004 m\u011bla jedna hodina pr\u00e1ce v \u010cesku hodnotu p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 351 K\u010d za hodinu. Nyn\u00ed je to v\u00edce ne\u017e 700 K\u010d.<\/p>\n

Z\u00edsk\u00e1n\u00edm statusu EU se \u010cesko stalo tak\u00e9 mnohem atraktivn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm m\u00edstem pro pr\u00e1ci. Po\u010det ob\u010dan\u016f EU pracuj\u00edc\u00edch v \u010cesku se za posledn\u00edch dvacet let v\u00edce ne\u017e zdvojn\u00e1sobil – z p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 110 000 v roce 2005 na 443 648 v roce 2022. D\u00edky statusu \u010ceska jako zem\u011b EU se tak\u00e9 obecn\u011b stalo je\u0161t\u011b atraktivn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm m\u00edstem pro pr\u00e1ci pro ob\u010dany t\u0159et\u00edch zem\u00ed. V lo\u0148sk\u00e9m roce celkov\u00fd po\u010det cizinc\u016f pracuj\u00edc\u00edch v \u010cesku p\u0159ekro\u010dil 1 milion. Z celkov\u00e9ho po\u010dtu ob\u010dan\u016f EU jich p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 23 % pracuje ve „vysoce kvalifikovan\u00fdch“ oborech a Asociace vedouc\u00edch pracovn\u00edk\u016f v oblasti podnikov\u00fdch slu\u017eeb v \u010cR tak\u00e9 uv\u00e1d\u00ed, \u017ee p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b polovinu v\u0161ech zam\u011bstnanc\u016f v sektoru podnikov\u00fdch slu\u017eeb v \u010cR tvo\u0159\u00ed cizinci.<\/p>\n

Spole\u010dnost<\/h3>\n

\u010ce\u0161i dnes \u017eij\u00ed d\u00e9le v mnohem vysp\u011blej\u0161\u00ed zemi ne\u017e p\u0159ed 20 lety. V roce 2004 ud\u011blila OSN \u010cesku index lidsk\u00e9ho rozvoje (HDI) ve v\u00fd\u0161i 0,836. Dnes je to 0,895, co\u017e z \u010ceska \u010din\u00ed zemi s 32. nejlep\u0161\u00edm sk\u00f3re HDI na sv\u011bt\u011b. V roce 2004 byla pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e1 d\u00e9lka \u017eivota p\u0159i narozen\u00ed 75,3 let – nyn\u00ed se zv\u00fd\u0161ila na 78,1 let. Vstup do EU tak\u00e9 otev\u0159el hranice – jak pro lidi, kte\u0159\u00ed se cht\u011bj\u00ed p\u0159est\u011bhovat do \u010ceska, tak pro \u010cechy, kte\u0159\u00ed cht\u011bj\u00ed experimentovat s nov\u00fdmi zem\u011bmi EU. T\u00edm se zm\u011bnila demografick\u00e1 situace v zemi. V roce 2006 m\u011blo v \u010cesku registrovan\u00fd dlouhodob\u00fd pobyt asi 57 000 lid\u00ed ze zem\u00ed EU – dnes je to podle \u010cesk\u00e9ho statistick\u00e9ho \u00fa\u0159adu p\u0159es 226 000 lid\u00ed. Mno\u017estv\u00ed ob\u010dan\u016f EU \u017eij\u00edc\u00edch v \u010cesku de facto je v\u0161ak mnohem vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Naopak – a\u010dkoli p\u0159esn\u00e1 \u010d\u00edsla lze jen t\u011b\u017eko vy\u010d\u00edslit – v EU \u017eilo a pracovalo v dob\u011b p\u0159ed rokem 2019 p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 320 000 \u010cech\u016f. Od roku 2004 se tak\u00e9 sn\u00ed\u017eila m\u00edra chudoby v \u010cesku, a to t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 o polovinu z 20 % na 11 % (p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 750 000 osob). Sn\u00ed\u017eila se tak\u00e9 kriminalita – z 351 000 registrovan\u00fdch trestn\u00fdch \u010din\u016f v roce 2004 na p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 182 000 v sou\u010dasnosti.<\/p>\n

Vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed<\/h3>\n

Vstup do EU otev\u0159el dve\u0159e stovk\u00e1m a tis\u00edc\u016fm mlad\u00fdch \u010cech\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed cht\u011bj\u00ed studovat v zahrani\u010d\u00ed. Od vzniku programu mobility Erasmus pro kr\u00e1tkodob\u00e9 studijn\u00ed v\u00fdm\u011bny (nebo st\u00e1\u017ee) vyu\u017eilo mo\u017enosti str\u00e1vit alespo\u0148 jeden akademick\u00fd semestr v nov\u00e9 zemi EU p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 411 000 \u010cech\u016f.<\/p>\n

Do \u010ceska zase v r\u00e1mci programu Erasmus p\u0159ijelo asi 450 000 student\u016f z ne\u010desk\u00fdch zem\u00ed EU. Z mlad\u00fdch lid\u00ed ze zem\u00ed EU, kte\u0159\u00ed p\u0159ij\u00ed\u017ed\u011bj\u00ed do \u010ceska studovat na pln\u00fd \u00favazek, se tento po\u010det zv\u00fd\u0161il z p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 10 000 v roce 2004 na 25 000 v roce 2022.<\/p>\n

Finan\u010dn\u00ed v\u00fdhody z EU<\/h3>\n

Jedn\u00edm z velk\u00fdch d\u016fvod\u016f, pro\u010d m\u00e1 \u010cesko z \u010dlenstv\u00ed v EU takov\u00fd prosp\u011bch, je skute\u010dnost, \u017ee dost\u00e1v\u00e1 v\u00edce, ne\u017e do n\u00ed vkl\u00e1d\u00e1. Od roku 2004 z\u00edsk\u00e1v\u00e1 \u010cesko z rozpo\u010dtu EU v pr\u016fm\u011bru 100 a\u017e 150 miliard K\u010d ro\u010dn\u011b, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvky se pohybuj\u00ed kolem 60 miliard K\u010d ro\u010dn\u011b. Od roku 2004 z\u00edskalo \u010cesko z EU na nejr\u016fzn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed infrastrukturn\u00ed stavby p\u0159es 1,9 bilionu korun a p\u0159isp\u011blo 876,6 miliardy korun.<\/p>\n

\u010cesko na mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed sc\u00e9n\u011b<\/h3>\n

\u010cesko se po vstupu do bloku stalo respektovan\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a v\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed zem\u00ed na mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed sc\u00e9n\u011b, a\u010dkoli h\u00e1dky s EU naru\u0161ily mo\u017en\u00fd „dokonal\u00fd“ vztah. Jeho p\u0159edsednictv\u00ed v Rad\u011b EU v druh\u00e9 polovin\u011b roku 2022 bylo p\u0159\u00edkladem v\u016fd\u010d\u00edch kvalit zem\u011b, zejm\u00e9na pokud jde o koordinaci pomoci Ukrajin\u011b (co\u017e je dodnes velmi patrn\u00e9, co\u017e podtrhuje \u010desk\u00e1 muni\u010dn\u00ed j\u00edzda pro Ukrajinu) a souhlas se zastropov\u00e1n\u00edm velkoobchodn\u00edch cen plynu na trhu EU. Prvn\u00ed \u010desk\u00e9 p\u0159edsednictv\u00ed v Rad\u011b EU na konci roku 2000 v\u0161ak bylo poznamen\u00e1no vnitropolitick\u00fdm skand\u00e1lem, v jeho\u017e d\u016fsledku padla vl\u00e1da i s tehdej\u0161\u00edm premi\u00e9rem Mirkem Topol\u00e1nkem. P\u0159esto se j\u00ed poda\u0159ilo dva roky p\u0159edt\u00edm koordinovat s EU kroky t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00ed se vytvo\u0159en\u00ed bal\u00ed\u010dku finan\u010dn\u00ed podpory pro zem\u011b nejv\u00edce posti\u017een\u00e9 kriz\u00ed v euroz\u00f3n\u011b.<\/p>\n

Ne v\u017edy hladk\u00e9 vztahy<\/h3>\n

\u010cesko se v minulosti dostalo s EU do sporu, v posledn\u00ed dob\u011b nap\u0159\u00edklad kv\u016fli nesouhlasu s n\u011bkter\u00fdmi aspekty migra\u010dn\u00ed dohody EU – zem\u011b dlouhodob\u011b vyjad\u0159uje nesouhlas s povinn\u00fdmi kv\u00f3tami na uprchl\u00edky – a s n\u011bkter\u00fdmi \u010d\u00e1stmi zelen\u00e9 dohody EU, zejm\u00e9na s emisn\u00edmi p\u0159edpisy, kter\u00e9 by m\u011bly v\u00e1\u017en\u00fd dopad na obrovsk\u00fd \u010desk\u00fd automobilov\u00fd pr\u016fmysl.Ot\u00e1zky t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00ed se celoevropsk\u00fdch sm\u011brnic a postoj\u016f, jako jsou zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 z\u00e1kony, rozpo\u010dtov\u00e1 pravidla a postoj k rusko-ukrajinsk\u00e9 v\u00e1lce, vyvolaly hn\u011bv n\u011bkter\u00fdch politik\u016f a \u010d\u00e1sti spole\u010dnosti. V pozad\u00ed \u010desk\u00e9 politiky se tak\u00e9 neust\u00e1le rozv\u00edj\u00ed debata o p\u0159ijet\u00ed eura, kter\u00e1 je jak\u00fdmsi slonem v porcel\u00e1nu a kterou se d\u0159\u00edve \u010di pozd\u011bji bude muset \u010desk\u00e1 vl\u00e1da p\u0159\u00edmo zab\u00fdvat.<\/p>\n

Celkov\u011b vzato je \u010cesko v lep\u0161\u00ed kondici ne\u017e p\u0159ed 20 lety: je mezin\u00e1rodn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, z\u00e1padn\u011bji orientovan\u00e9, ekonomicky prosperuj\u00edc\u00ed, rozmanit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, m\u00e1 vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed \u00farove\u0148 zam\u011bstnanosti a pracovn\u00edch p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitost\u00ed a tak\u00e9 zdrav\u011bj\u0161\u00ed obyvatelstvo.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":12476,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"portfolio_category":[35],"portfolio_skills":[],"portfolio_tags":[],"class_list":["post-12479","avada_portfolio","type-avada_portfolio","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","portfolio_category-absl-v-mediich"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\n\u010cesko si p\u0159ipom\u00edn\u00e1 20 let od vstupu do EU: Co se zm\u011bnilo? 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